There has been a paradigm shift in the behavior of Aedes mosquitoes

Over the past years, there has been a paradigm shift in Aedes mosquitoes, which cause dengue fever.
Traditionally, Aedes aegypti has been regarded as a day biter and one which breeds indoors and also bites inside the house. This perception no longer holds true.
Then - It bites only in the day.Now - It bites in the light. Day and night does not matter.
Then - It breeds in safe water.Now - It breeds in stagnant water from natural sources.
Then - It breeds only inside the house.Now - It breeds both inside and outside the house, in any discarded objects/containers with stagnant rainy water collection.
Then - Mosquito breeds in water tanks on the roof and coolers.Now - It breeds both in small and large water collections. It can even grow in the caps of bottled water.
Earlier, a temperature ranging between 30^oC and 32^oC was considered as the optimal temperature for Aedes mosquito breeding. But, now this range has been lowered to between 24^oC and 28^oC.
The use of air conditioners (ACs) in homes generally coincides with the arrival of summer. ACs are usually set at a temperature of 24^oC, now an ideal temperature for the Aedes mosquito to breed and also survive all through the year. The extrinsic incubation period of the dengue virus is also reduced i.e. decrease in the time required for the virus to replicate and disseminate in the mosquito. The result is a higher rate of disease transmission.
Hospitals have central air conditioning. It is important to check for mosquito breeding sites in central ACs in hospitals and also in homes.
The mosquito cannot comprehend the difference between day and night, or indoor and outdoor. It is the environment that counts. The climate is changing, so is the behavior of mosquitoes and so is the epidemiology of the disease they cause. Earlier prevalent as a monsoon disease, dengue is now reported all through the year.
Source:---- emedinexus.com/post/4861/

Noisy workplace linked to high BP and high cholesterol

According to an estimate, there are about 22 million U.S. workers who are exposed to loud noise on the job.It is well known that noisy jobs have long been associated with hearing difficulties.But in the latest study, it has been revealed that louder work conditions might contribute to risk factors for heart disease as well.Noise is thought to increase heart risks by causing stress, which in turn triggers the release of stress hormones like cortisol, and changes in blood vessels and heart rate, the study team notes in the American Journal of Industrial Medicine.

Workers who are exposed to a lot of noise on the job are more likely to develop high blood pressure and elevated cholesterol, a U.S. study suggests.

“A significant percentage of the workers we studied have hearing difficulty, high blood pressure and high cholesterol that could be attributed to noise at work,” said study co-author Elizabeth Masterson of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in Cincinnati, Ohio.

“If noise could be reduced to safer levels in the workplace, more than 5 million cases of hearing difficulty among noise-exposed workers could be prevented,” Masterson added. “This study also provides further evidence of an association between occupational noise exposure and high blood pressure and high cholesterol, and the potential to prevent these conditions if noise is reduced.”

For the study, researchers examined nationally-representative survey data from 22,906 adults who were employed in 2014.

One in four workers reported exposure to occupational noise at some point in the past, and 14 percent had experienced loud work conditions in the previous year.

Industries with the most noise exposure included mining, construction, and manufacturing.

Overall, 12 percent of participants had hearing difficulties, 24 percent had high blood pressure, 28 percent had high cholesterol and 4 percent had experienced a major cardiovascular problem like a heart attack or stroke.

After accounting for participants’ other risk factors, the researchers attributed 58 percent of the cases of hearing difficulty, 14 percent of the instances of high blood pressure and 9 percent of the elevated cholesterol cases to exposure to occupational noise.

 The study did not, however, find a clear link between noisy work conditions and heart disease, heart attacks or strokes. It’s possible there were too few people with these medical issues to determine whether the conditions might be associated with occupational noise, Masterson said.

Hearing difficulty was linked to all three heart conditions, and it’s possible that both occupational noise exposure and hearing loss might independently influence the risk of heart problems, she added.

The study wasn’t a controlled experiment designed to prove whether or how occupational noise exposure might directly cause risk factors for heart diseases like high blood pressure or elevated cholesterol or lead to heart attacks and strokes.

Another drawback is that researchers lacked data on the intensity or duration of noise exposure, the study team notes.

“The study itself does not establish a cause and effect relationship between noise exposure and the coronary heart disease outcomes,” said John Dement, an occupational health researcher and professor emeritus at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina.

It’s unclear, for example, whether noise exposure might cause high blood pressure or if high blood pressure might be a risk factor for hearing loss with or without occupational noise exposure, Dement, who wasn’t involved in the study, said by email.

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