CONTRACEPTION,

 Fact sheet issued by WHO

(http://www.who.int/news-room)

 Key facts

• 214 million women of reproductive age in developing countries who want to avoid pregnancy are not using a modern contraceptive method.
• Some family planning methods, such as condoms, help prevent the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.
• Family planning / contraception reduces the need for abortion, especially unsafe abortion.
• Family planning reinforces people’s rights to determine the number and spacing of their children.
• By preventing unintended pregnancy, family planning /contraception prevents deaths of mothers and children.

Family planning allows people to attain their desired number of children and determine the spacing of pregnancies. It is achieved through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of infertility (this fact sheet focuses on contraception).

Benefits of family planning / contraception

Promotion of family planning – and ensuring access to preferred contraceptive methods for women and couples – is essential to securing the well-being and autonomy of women, while supporting the health and development of communities.

Preventing pregnancy-related health risks in women

A woman’s ability to choose if and when to become pregnant has a direct impact on her health and well-being. Family planning allows spacing of pregnancies and can delay pregnancies in young women at increased risk of health problems and death from early childbearing. It prevents unintended pregnancies, including those of older women who face increased risks related to pregnancy. Family planning enables women who wish to limit the size of their families to do so. Evidence suggests that women who have more than 4 children are at increased risk of maternal mortality.
By reducing rates of unintended pregnancies, family planning also reduces the need for unsafe abortion.

Reducing infant mortality

Family planning can prevent closely spaced and ill-timed pregnancies and births, which contribute to some of the world’s highest infant mortality rates. Infants of mothers who die as a result of giving birth also have a greater risk of death and poor health.

Helping to prevent HIV/AIDS

Family planning reduces the risk of unintended pregnancies among women living with HIV, resulting in fewer infected babies and orphans. In addition, male and female condoms provide dual protection against unintended pregnancies and against STIs including HIV.

Empowering people and enhancing education

Family planning enables people to make informed choices about their sexual and reproductive health. Family planning represents an opportunity for women to pursue additional education and participate in public life, including paid employment in non-family organizations. Additionally, having smaller families allows parents to invest more in each child. Children with fewer siblings tend to stay in school longer than those with many siblings.

Reducing adolescent pregnancies

Pregnant adolescents are more likely to have preterm or low birth-weight babies. Babies born to adolescents have higher rates of neonatal mortality. Many adolescent girls who become pregnant have to leave school. This has long-term implications for them as individuals, their families and communities.

Slowing population growth

Family planning is key to slowing unsustainable population growth and the resulting negative impacts on the economy, environment, and national and regional development efforts.

Who provides family planning / contraceptives?

It is important that family planning is widely available and easily accessible through midwives and other trained health workers to anyone who is sexually active, including adolescents. Midwives are trained to provide (where authorised) locally available and culturally acceptable contraceptive methods. Other trained health workers, for example community health workers, also provide counselling and some family planning methods, for example pills and condoms. For methods such as sterilization, women and men need to be referred to a clinician.

Contraceptive use

Contraceptive use has increased in many parts of the world, especially in Asia and Latin America, but continues to be low in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, use of modern contraception has risen slightly, from 54% in 1990 to 57.4% in 2015. Regionally, the proportion of women aged 15–49 reporting use of a modern contraceptive method has risen minimally or plateaued between 2008 and 2015. In Africa it went from 23.6% to 28.5%, in Asia it has risen slightly from 60.9% to 61.8%, and in Latin America and the Caribbean it has remained stable at 66.7%.
Use of contraception by men makes up a relatively small subset of the above prevalence rates. The modern contraceptive methods for men are limited to male condoms and sterilization (vasectomy).

Global unmet need for contraception

214 million women of reproductive age in developing countries who want to avoid pregnancy are not using a modern contraceptive method. Reasons for this include:

• limited choice of methods;
• limited access to contraception, particularly among young people, poorer segments of populations, or unmarried people;
• fear or experience of side-effects;
• cultural or religious opposition;
• poor quality of available services;
• users and providers bias
• gender-based barriers.

The unmet need for contraception remains too high. This inequity is fuelled by both a growing population, and a shortage of family planning services. In Africa, 24.2% of women of reproductive age have an unmet need for modern contraception. In Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean – regions with relatively high contraceptive prevalence – the levels of unmet need are 10.2 % and 10.7%, respectively (Trends in Contraception Worldwide 2015, UNDESA).

Contraceptive methods

Modern methods

Method	Description	How it works	Effectiveness to prevent pregnancy	Comments
Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) or “the pill”	Contains two hormones (estrogen and progestogen)	Prevents the release of eggs from the ovaries (ovulation)	>99% with correct and consistent use	Reduces risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer
			92% as commonly used
Progestogen-only pills (POPs) or "the minipill"	Contains only progestogen hormone, not estrogen	Thickens cervical mucous to block sperm and egg from meeting and prevents ovulation	99% with correct and consistent use	Can be used while breastfeeding; must be taken at the same time each day
			90–97% as commonly used
Implants	Small, flexible rods or capsules placed under the skin of the upper arm; contains progestogen hormone only	Thickens cervical mucous to block sperm and egg from meeting and prevents ovulation	>99%	Health-care provider must insert and remove; can be used for 3–5 years depending on implant; irregular vaginal bleeding common but not harmful
Progestogen only injectables	Injected into the muscle or under the skin every 2 or 3 months, depending on product	Thickens cervical mucous to block sperm and egg from meeting and prevents ovulation	>99% with correct and consistent use	Delayed return to fertility (about 1–4 months on the average) after use; irregular vaginal bleeding common, but not harmful
			97% as commonly used
Monthly injectables or combined injectable contraceptives (CIC)	Injected monthly into the muscle, contains estrogen and progestogen	Prevents the release of eggs from the ovaries (ovulation)	>99% with correct and consistent use	Irregular vaginal bleeding common, but not harmful
			97% as commonly used
Combined contraceptive patch and combined contraceptive vaginal ring (CVR)	Continuously releases 2 hormones – a progestin and an estrogen- directly through the skin (patch) or from the ring.	Prevents the release of eggs from the ovaries (ovulation)	The patch and the CVR are new and research on effectiveness is limited. Effectiveness studies report that it may be more effective than the COCs, both as commonly and consistent or correct use.	The Patch and the CVR provide a comparable safety and pharmacokinetic profile to COCs with similar hormone formulations.
Intrauterine device (IUD): copper containing	Small flexible plastic device containing copper sleeves or wire that is inserted into the uterus	Copper component damages sperm and prevents it from meeting the egg	>99%	Longer and heavier periods during first months of use are common but not harmful; can also be used as emergency contraception
Intrauterine device (IUD) levonorgestrel	A T-shaped plastic device inserted into the uterus that steadily releases small amounts of levonorgestrel each day	Thickens cervical mucous to block sperm and egg from meeting	>99%	Decreases amount of blood lost with menstruation over time; Reduces menstrual cramps and symptoms of endometriosis; amenorrhea (no menstrual bleeding) in a group of users
Male condoms	Sheaths or coverings that fit over a man's erect penis	Forms a barrier to prevent sperm and egg from meeting	98% with correct and consistent use	Also protects against sexually transmitted infections, including HIV
			85% as commonly used
Female condoms	Sheaths, or linings, that fit loosely inside a woman's vagina, made of thin, transparent, soft plastic film	Forms a barrier to prevent sperm and egg from meeting	90% with correct and consistent use	Also protects against sexually transmitted infections, including HIV
			79% as commonly used
Male sterilization (vasectomy)	Permanent contraception to block or cut the vas deferens tubes that carry sperm from the testicles	Keeps sperm out of ejaculated semen	>99% after 3 months semen evaluation	3 months delay in taking effect while stored sperm is still present; does not affect male sexual performance; voluntary and informed choice is essential
			97–98% with no semen evaluation
Female sterilization (tubal ligation)	Permanent contraception to block or cut the fallopian tubes	Eggs are blocked from meeting sperm	>99%	Voluntary and informed choice is essential
Lactational amenorrhea method (LAM)	Temporary contraception for new mothers whose monthly bleeding has not returned; requires exclusive or full breastfeeding day and night of an infant less than 6 months old	Prevents the release of eggs from the ovaries (ovulation)	99% with correct and consistent use	A temporary family planning method based on the natural effect of breastfeeding on fertility
			98% as commonly used
Emergency contraception pills (ulipristal acetate 30 mg or levonorgestrel 1.5 mg)	Pills taken to prevent pregnancy up to 5 days after unprotected sex	Delays ovulation	If all 100 women used progestin-only emergency contraception, one would likely become pregnant.	Does not disrupt an already existing pregnancy
Standard Days Method or SDM	Women track their fertile periods (usually days 8 to 19 of each 26 to 32 day cycle) using cycle beads or other aids	Prevents pregnancy by avoiding unprotected vaginal sex during most fertile days.	95% with consistent and correct use.	Can be used to identify fertile days by both women who want to become pregnant and women who want to avoid pregnancy. Correct, consistent use requires partner cooperation.
			88% with common use (Arevalo et al 2002)
Basal Body Temperature (BBT) Method	Woman takes her body temperature at the same time each morning before getting out of bed observing for an increase of 0.2 to 0.5 degrees C.	Prevents pregnancy by avoiding unprotected vaginal sex during fertile days	99% effective with correct and consistent use.	If the BBT has risen and has stayed higher for 3 full days, ovulation has occurred and the fertile period has passed. Sex can resume on the 4th day until her next monthly bleeding.
			75% with typical use of FABM (Trussell, 2009)
TwoDay Method	Women track their fertile periods by observing presence of cervical mucus (if any type color or consistency)	Prevents pregnancy by avoiding unprotected vaginal sex during most fertile days,	96% with correct and consistent use.	Difficult to use if a woman has a vaginal infection or another condition that changes cervical mucus. Unprotected coitus may be resumed after 2 consecutive dry days (or without secretions)
			86% with typical or common use. (Arevalo, 2004)
Sympto-thermal Method	Women track their fertile periods by observing changes in the cervical mucus (clear texture) , body temperature (slight increase) and consistency of the cervix (softening).	Prevents pregnancy by avoiding unprotected vaginal sex during most fertile	98% with correct and consistent use.	May have to be used with caution after an abortion, around menarche or menopause, and in conditions which may increase body temperature.
			Reported 98% with typical use (Manhart et al, 2013)

Traditional methods

Traditional Methods
Calendar method or rhythm method	Women monitor their pattern of menstrual cycle over 6 months, subtracts 18 from shortest cycle length (estimated 1st fertile day) and subtracts 11 from longest cycle length (estimated last fertile day)	The couple prevents pregnancy by avoiding unprotected vaginal sex during the 1st and last estimated fertile days, by abstaining or using a condom.	91% with correct and consistent use.	May need to delay or use with caution when using drugs (such as anxiolytics, antidepressants, NSAIDS, or certain antibiotics) which may affect timing of ovulation.
			75% with common use
Withdrawal (coitus interruptus)	Man withdraws his penis from his partner's vagina, and ejaculates outside the vagina, keeping semen away from her external genitalia	Tries to keep sperm out of the woman's body, preventing fertilization	96% with correct and consistent use	One of the least effective methods, because proper timing of withdrawal is often difficult to determine, leading to the risk of ejaculating while inside the vagina.
			73% as commonly used (Trussell, 2009)