Breast cancers diagnosed in young women within 10 years of giving birth are more likely to metastasise, and thus more likely to cause death, than breast cancers in young women who gave birth less recently or not at all, according to a study published in JAMA Network.
“This is the first study to demonstrate that a postpartum breast cancer diagnosed up to 10 years after last childbirth can independently increase a woman’s risk for developing metastasis to other parts of the body,” said Virginia Borges, MD, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado.
The researchers analysed the data of 701 female patients with breast cancer aged 45 years and younger included in the Colorado Young Women’s Breast Cancer Cohort. The researchers compared the risk for developing distant metastases among 3 groups: women who had never had a child, women who had their last childbirth within the past 10 years, and women with children born more than 10 years prior to their diagnosis. This risk for developing metastases in these groups was also evaluated across well-known breast cancer risk features.
The increased risk for metastasis was highest in the women up to 10 years postpartum and was most pronounced in women with stage I or II breast cancer, with a 3.5-to-5 times higher risk than women with similar, non-pregnancy associated cancers.
For oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumours, increased risk of metastasis was present up to 15 years post-diagnosis, approaching the level of metastasis risk associated with dangerous forms of breast cancer including ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancers.
“In these cancers, the tumours themselves do not appear different,” said Dr. Borges. “There’s no difference in the percent that are more aggressive subtypes, such as triple-negative or HER2, no difference in the stage at which they are diagnosed, or other differences in classic measures that you might think would increase the chance of a bad prognosis. Instead, these data support previous findings from our team’s lab work showing that after childbirth, conditions in surrounding breast tissue may aid the development of metastases. For example, we have shown that the laying down of new lymph channels in breast tissue after childbirth and nursing may allow cancer cells to better travel and seed sites of metastasis. Sure enough, the current work finds more women having cancer in their lymph nodes at diagnosis.”
“These findings highlight the need to understand that postpartum breast cancer may represent a unique subtype of cancer that requires distinct care,” she added. “All women know when they last gave birth, so this is a readily available, free piece of information that helps us identify young women at highest risk from their breast cancer. If we are aware of the increased risk, we can work towards finding the best means to overcome this risk and treat it appropriately.”
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